Jun 8, 2012 - Tra le varie serie ci sono poi possibili variazioni nei tipi di dischi disponibili (7200 rpm o 5400 rpm) e dalla versione N56JK ci sono display IPS (antiriflesso, come per tutti i modelli di. Le interfacce del N56VZ per i drive, sia il disco fisso che il lettore ottico, sono del tipo 'Serial ATA', abbreviato in SATA.

1. E Serial Ata
2. E Serial Ata To Usb

Generally speaking, the difference between the interfaces is minimal; the speed of either is more than the ability of the drives to read or write the data, so the interface is pretty irrelevant. The real difference is in the head/disk assembly (the non-electronic portion of the drive).

Drive manufacturers have chosen to market their highest-MTBF mechanicals with the SAS interface, and we refer to those drives as 'enterprise drives.' Likewise, the mechanicals on SATA drives have a lower lifecycle, and we refer to those drives as 'mid-range' drives. Again, the interface itself isn't really relevant here; it's the way that the manufacturers choose to position them.

– The volt is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference, and electromotive force. One volt is defined as the difference in potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. It is also equal to the difference between two parallel, infinite planes spaced 1 meter apart that create an electric field of 1 newton per coulomb. Additionally, it is the difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it.

It can also be expressed as amperes times ohms, watts per ampere, or joules per coulomb, for the Josephson constant, KJ = 2e/h, the conventional value KJ-90 is used, K J-90 =0.4835979 GHz μ V. This standard is typically realized using an array of several thousand or tens of thousands of junctions. Empirically, several experiments have shown that the method is independent of device design, material, measurement setup, etc.

In the water-flow analogy sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them with water-filled pipes, voltage is likened to difference in water pressure. Current is proportional to the diameter of the pipe or the amount of water flowing at that pressure. A resistor would be a reduced diameter somewhere in the piping, the relationship between voltage and current is defined by Ohms Law. Ohms Law is analogous to the Hagen–Poiseuille equation, as both are linear models relating flux and potential in their respective systems, the voltage produced by each electrochemical cell in a battery is determined by the chemistry of that cell. Cells can be combined in series for multiples of that voltage, mechanical generators can usually be constructed to any voltage in a range of feasibility. High-voltage electric power lines,110 kV and up Lightning, Varies greatly. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of metals to produce electricity was zinc.

In 1861, Latimer Clark and Sir Charles Bright coined the name volt for the unit of resistance, by 1873, the British Association for the Advancement of Science had defined the volt, ohm, and farad. In 1881, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission and they made the volt equal to 108 cgs units of voltage, the cgs system at the time being the customary system of units in science. At that time, the volt was defined as the difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. The international volt was defined in 1893 as 1/1.434 of the emf of a Clark cell and this definition was abandoned in 1908 in favor of a definition based on the international ohm and international ampere until the entire set of reproducible units was abandoned in 1948. Prior to the development of the Josephson junction voltage standard, the volt was maintained in laboratories using specially constructed batteries called standard cells 2.

– A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. The ability of computers to follow a sequence of operations, called a program, such computers are used as control systems for a very wide variety of industrial and consumer devices. The Internet is run on computers and it millions of other computers. Since ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people in doing calculations, early in the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th century, the first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The speed, power, and versatility of computers has increased continuously and dramatically since then, conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit, and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing, peripheral devices include input devices, output devices, and input/output devices that perform both functions.

Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and this usage of the term referred to a person who carried out calculations or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century, from the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of computer in the 1640s, one who calculates, the Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean calculating machine is from 1897. The Online Etymology Dictionary indicates that the use of the term.

1945 under this name, theoretical from 1937, as Turing machine, devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, mostly using one-to-one correspondence with fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick, later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in hollow unbaked clay containers. The use of counting rods is one example, the abacus was initially used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC.

Since then, many forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, the Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest mechanical analog computer, according to Derek J. De Solla Price. It was designed to calculate astronomical positions and it was discovered in 1901 in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera, between Kythera and Crete, and has been dated to circa 100 BC 3. – Disk storage is a general category of storage mechanisms where data are recorded by various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks. A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism, notable types are the hard disk drive containing a non-removable disk, the floppy disk drive and its removable floppy disk, and various optical disc drives and associated optical disc media. Audio information was recorded by analog methods.

Similarly the first video disc used a recording method. In the music industry, analog recording has mostly replaced by digital optical technology where the data are recorded in a digital format with optical information. The first commercial digital disk storage device was the IBM350 which shipped in 1956 as a part of the IBM305 RAMAC computing system, the random-access, low-density storage of disks was developed to complement the already used sequential-access, high-density storage provided by tape drives using magnetic tape. Disk storage is now used in computer storage and consumer electronic storage, e. Audio CDs and video discs. Digital disk drives are block storage devices, each disk is divided into logical blocks.

Blocks are addressed using their logical block addresses, read from or writing to disk happens at the granularity of blocks. Originally the disk capacity was low and has been improved in one of several ways. Improvements in mechanical design and manufacture allowed smaller and more precise heads, advancements in data compression methods permitted more information to be stored in each of the individual sectors. The drive stores data onto cylinders, heads, and sectors, the sectors unit is the smallest size of data to be stored in a hard disk drive and each file will have many sectors units assigned to it. The smallest entity in a CD is called a frame, which consists of 33 bytes, the other nine bytes consist of eight CIRC error-correction bytes and one subcode byte used for control and display. The information is sent from the processor to the BIOS into a chip controlling the data transfer. This is then sent out to the drive via a multi-wire connector.

Once the data are received onto the board of the drive. The data are passed to a chip on the circuit board that controls the access to the drive. The drive is divided into sectors of data stored onto one of the sides of one of the internal disks, an HDD with two disks internally will typically store data on all four surfaces 4. – Some drives can only read from certain discs, but recent drives can both read and record, also called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of media which can be read.

Optical disc drives that are no longer in production include CD-ROM drive, CD writer drive, combo drive, as of 2015, DVD writer drive supporting all existing recordable and rewritable DVD formats is the most common for desktop PCs and laptops. There are also the DVD-ROM drive, BD-ROM drive, Blu-ray Disc combo drive and they are also very commonly used in computers to read software and consumer media distributed on disc, and to record discs for archival and data exchange purposes. 1985 - alchemy-an index of possibilities.

Floppy disk drives, with capacity of 1, USB flash drives, high-capacity, small, and inexpensive, are suitable where read/write capability is required. Large backups are often made on external hard drives, as their price has dropped to a level making this viable. The first laser disc, demonstrated in 1972, was the Laservision 12-inch video disc, the video signal was stored as an analog format like a video cassette. The first digitally recorded optical disc was a 5-inch audio compact disc in a format created by Sony. The CD-ROM format was developed by Sony and Denon, introduced in 1984, as an extension of Compact Disc Digital Audio, the CD-ROM has a storage capacity of 650 MB. Also in 1984, Sony introduced a LaserDisc data storage format, in 1987, Sony demonstrated the erasable and rewritable 5.

25-inch optical drive. The first Blu-Ray prototype was unveiled by Sony in October 2000, technically Blu-ray Disc also required a thinner layer for the narrower beam and shorter wavelength blue laser.

The first BD-ROM players were shipped in mid-June 2006, the first Blu-ray Disc titles were released by Sony and MGM on June 20,2006. The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, initially, CD-type lasers with a wavelength of 780 nm were used. For DVDs, the wavelength was reduced to 650 nm, two main servomechanisms are used, the first to maintain the proper distance between lens and disc, to ensure the laser beam is focused as a small laser spot on the disc. The second servo moves the head along the discs radius, keeping the beam on the track. Optical disk media are read beginning at the radius to the outer edge. This is detected by photodiodes that create corresponding electrical signals, an optical disk recorder encodes data onto a recordable CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, or BD-R disc by selectively heating parts of an organic dye layer with a laser. This changes the reflectivity of the dye, thereby creating marks that can be read like the pits, for recordable discs, the process is permanent and the media can be written to only once 5.

– DVD is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. The medium can store any kind of data and is widely used for software.

DVDs offer higher capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions. Pre-recorded DVDs are mass-produced using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the DVD, such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs can be recorded using a DVD recorder.

E Serial Ata

Rewritable DVDs can be recorded and erased many times, DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs. The OED also states that in 1995, The companies said the name of the format will simply be DVD.

Toshiba had been using the name ‘digital video disk’, but that was switched to ‘digital versatile disk’ after computer companies complained that it left out their applications, Digital versatile disc is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forums mission statement. There were several formats developed for recording video on optical discs before the DVD, Optical recording technology was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958 and first patented in 1961. A consumer optical disc data format known as LaserDisc was developed in the United States and it used much larger discs than the later formats. CD Video used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120 mm size of audio CDs, Video CD became one of the first formats for distributing digitally encoded films in this format, in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc formats were being developed. By the time of the launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc. Representatives from the SD camp asked IBM for advice on the system to use for their disc.

Bell, a researcher from IBMs Almaden Research Center, got that request and this group was referred to as the Technical Working Group, or TWG. On August 14,1995, an ad hoc group formed from five computer companies issued a release stating that they would only accept a single format. The TWG voted to both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited Lou Gerstner, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions, as a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7 GB for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB for a dual-layered, single-sided disc 6. – Parallel ATA, originally AT Attachment, is an interface standard for the connection of storage devices such as hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, and optical disc drives in computers.

The standard is maintained by the X3/INCITS committee and it uses the underlying AT Attachment and AT Attachment Packet Interface standards. The Parallel ATA standard is the result of a history of incremental technical development. The ATA interface itself evolved in stages from Western Digitals original Integrated Drive Electronics interface. As a result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI and its previous incarnations are still in informal use, in particular Extended IDE. After the introduction of Serial ATA in 2003, the original ATA was renamed to Parallel ATA, Parallel ATA cables have a maximum allowable length of only 18 in.

Because of this limit, the technology normally appears as a computer storage interface. For many years, ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application and it has largely been replaced by SATA in newer systems. The PATA standard was originally conceived as the PC/AT Attachment because its primary feature was a connection to the 16-bit ISA bus introduced with the IBM PC/AT. The AT in IBM PC/AT refers to Advanced Technology, but the ATA specifications simply use the name AT Attachment, the first version of what is now called the ATA/ATAPI interface was developed by Western Digital under the name Integrated Drive Electronics. The first such drives appeared in Compaq PCs in 1986, the interface cards used to connect a parallel ATA drive to, for example, a PCI slot are not drive controllers, they are merely bridges between the host bus and the ATA interface. Since the original ATA interface is essentially just a 16-bit ISA bus in disguise, the integrated controller presented the drive to the host computer as an array of 512-byte blocks with a relatively simple command interface. All of these details of the mechanical operation of the drive were now handled by the controller on the drive itself.

This also eliminated the need to design a controller that could handle many different types of drives. The host need only ask for a sector, or block, to be read or written. The interface used by these drives was standardized in 1994 as ANSI standard X3. 221-1994, after later versions of the standard were developed, this became known as ATA-1.

A short-lived, seldom-used implementation of ATA was created for the IBM XT and it has been referred to as XT-IDE, XTA or XT Attachment. At the time, in combination with the drive, this was sufficient for most people 7. – Hot swapping and hot plugging consist in replacing or adding components without stopping or shutting down the system. Once the appropriate software is installed on the computer, a user can plug and unplug the component without rebooting, a well-known example of this functionality is the Universal Serial Bus that allows users to add or remove peripheral components such as a mouse, keyboard, or printer. Computer components are described as cold-pluggable if the computer system must be powered down to add or remove them.

The opposite term is hot-pluggable, hot-pluggable components can be added or removed without powering down the computer, most components in computer systems, such as CPUs and memory, are only cold-pluggable. However it is common for high-end servers and mainframes to feature hotplug capability for other components, such as PCIe, the terms hot plug and cold plug can be taken to mean two different things, depending on the context. In a more generic context, hot plug is the ability to add or remove hardware without powering down the system, hot swapping is used whenever it is desirable to change the configuration or repair a working system without interrupting its operation. Hot swapping may be used to add or remove peripherals or components, to allow a device to synchronize data with a computer, a machine may have dual power supplies, each adequate to power the machine, a faulty one may be hot-swapped. Machines that support hot swapping need to be able to modify their operation for the configuration, either automatically on detecting the change.

All electrical and mechanical connections associated with hot-swapping must be designed so that neither the equipment nor the user can be harmed while hot-swapping, other components in the system must be designed so that the removal of a hot-swappable component does not interrupt operation. There are two slightly differing meanings of the term hot swapping and it may refer only to the ability to add or remove hardware without powering down the system, while the system software may have to be notified by the user of the event in order to cope with it.

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Examples include RS-232 and lower-end SCSI devices and this is sometimes called cold plugging. However, if the system can detect and respond to addition or removal of hardware, examples include USB, FireWire and higher-end SCSI devices. Some implementations require a component shutdown procedure prior to removal and this simplifies the design, but such devices are not robust in the case of component failure.

If a component is removed while it is being used, the operations to that device fail, in these systems hot swap is normally used for regular maintenance to the computer, or to replace a broken component. Most modern hot-swap methods use a connector with staggered pins. Most staggered-pin designs have ground pins longer than the others, ensuring that no sensitive circuitry is connected before there is a reliable system ground. Pins of the nominal length do not necessarily make contact at exactly the same time due to mechanical tolerances. Specialized hot-plug power connector pins are now available with repeatable DC current interruption ratings of up to 16 A 8.

– A solid-state drive is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. SSD technology primarily uses electronic interfaces compatible with traditional block input/output hard disk drives, additionally, new I/O interfaces like SATA Express and M.2 have been designed to address specific requirements of the SSD technology. SSDs have no moving mechanical components and this distinguishes them from traditional electromechanical magnetic disks such as hard disk drives or floppy disks, which contain spinning disks and movable read/write heads.

Compared with electromechanical disks, SSDs are typically resistant to physical shock, run silently. However, while the price of SSDs has continued to decline over time, as of 2015, most SSDs use MLC NAND-based flash memory, which is a type of non-volatile memory that retains data when power is lost. For applications requiring fast access but not necessarily data persistence after power loss, such devices may employ batteries as integrated power sources to retain data for a certain amount of time after external power is lost. SSDs had origins in the 1950s with two similar technologies, magnetic core memory and charged capacitor read-only storage and these auxiliary memory units emerged during the era of vacuum-tube computers, though their use ceased with the introduction of cheaper drum storage units. Later, in the 1970s and 1980s, SSDs were implemented in memory for early supercomputers of IBM, Amdahl, and Cray.

In the late 1970s, General Instruments produced an electrically alterable ROM which operated somewhat like the later NAND flash memory, unfortunately, a ten-year life was not achievable and many companies abandoned the technology. In 1976, Dataram started selling a product called Bulk Core, in 1978, Texas Memory Systems introduced a 16 kilobyte RAM solid-state drive to be used by oil companies for seismic data acquisition. The following year, StorageTek developed the first RAM solid-state drive, the Sharp PC-5000, introduced in 1983, used 128-kilobyte solid-state storage cartridges containing bubble memory. In 1984, Tallgrass Technologies Corporation had a backup unit of 40 MB with a solid state 20 MB unit built in.

The 20 MB unit could be used instead of a hard drive, in September 1986, Santa Clara Systems introduced BatRam, a 4 megabyte mass storage system expandable to 20 MB using 4 MB memory modules. The package included a battery to preserve the memory chip contents when the array was not powered. 1987 saw the entry of EMC Corporation into the SSD market, however, by 1993, EMC had exited the SSD market. Software-based RAM disks remain in use as of 2016 because they are an order of faster than other technology, though they consume CPU resources. In 1989, the Psion MC400 laptop included four slots for removable storage in the form of flash-based solid-state disk cards, in 1991, SanDisk Corporation created a 20 MB solid state drive which sold for around $1,000. In 1994, STEC, Inc. Bought Cirrus Logics flash controller operation, in 1995, M-Systems introduced flash-based solid-state drives 9.

– M.2, formerly known as the Next Generation Form Factor, is a specification for internally mounted computer expansion cards and associated connectors. It replaces the standard, which uses the PCI Express Mini Card physical card layout. Computer bus interfaces provided through the M.2 connector are PCI Express 3.0, Serial ATA3.0, and USB3.0. It is up to the manufacturer of the M.2 host or device to select which interfaces are to be supported, depending on the level of host support. The M.2 connector has different keying notches that denote various purposes and capabilities of M.2 hosts and modules, preventing plugging of M.2 modules into feature-incompatible host connectors. Buses exposed through the M.2 connector are PCI Express 3.0, Serial ATA3.0 and USB3.0, which is backward compatible with USB2.0. The SATA revision 3.2 specification, in its gold revision as of August 2013, exposed PCI Express lanes provide a pure PCI Express connection between the host and storage device, with no additional layers of bus abstraction.

PCI-SIG M.2 specification, in its revision 1.0 as of December 2013, nVMe has been designed from the ground up, capitalizing on the low latency and parallelism of PCI Express SSDs, and complementing the parallelism of contemporary CPUs, platforms and applications. The M.2 standard has been designed as a revision and improvement to the mSATA standard, M.2 modules are rectangular, with an edge connector on one side, and a semicircular mounting hole at the center of the opposite edge. Each pin on the connector is rated for up to 50 V and 0.5 A, while the connector itself is specified to endure up to 60 mating cycles. The M.2 standard allows module widths of 12,16,22 and 30 mm, initial line-up of the commercially available M.2 expansion cards is 22 mm wide, with varying lengths of 30,42,60,80 and 110 mm. Example codes,2242 - 22mm wide, 42mm long,2280 - 22mm wide, an M.2 module is installed into a mating connector provided by the hosts circuit board, and a single mounting screw secures the module into place. Components may be mounted on either side of the module, with the module type limiting how thick the components can be. Different host-side connectors are used for single- and double-sided M.2 modules, PCB of an M.2 module provides a 75-position edge connector, depending on the type of module, certain pin positions are removed to present one or more keying notches.

Similar keying applies to M.2 modules that utilize provided USB3.0 connectivity, various types of M.2 devices are denoted using the WWLL-HH-K-K or WWLL-HH-K naming schemes, in which WW and LL specify the module width and length in millimeters, respectively. The HH part specifies, in a form, whether a module is single- or double-sided. Module keying is specified by the K-K part, in an encoded form using the key IDs from the table above, it can also be specified as K only. Beside socketed modules, the M.2 standard also includes the option for having permanently soldered single-sided modules, M.2 sockets with an E slot support Dual-Band Wireless LAN/Bluetooth cards.